- 1. Getting Started
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2.
First Semester Topics
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General Chemistry Review
- Introduction
- Electron Configurations of Atoms
- QM Description of Orbitals
- Practice Time - Electron Configurations
- Hybridization
- Strategy to Determine Hybridization
- Practice Time! - Hybridization
- Formal Charge
- Practice Time - Formal Charge
- Acids-bases
- Practice Time - Acids and Bases
- Hydrogen Bonding is a Verb!
- Progress Pulse
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Structure and Bonding
- Chemical Intuition
- Difficulty-in-organic-chemistry
- Atomic Orbitals
- Electron Configurations of Atoms
- Practice Time - Structure and Bonding 1
- Lewis Structures
- Drawing Lewis Structures
- Valence Bond Theory
- Hybridization
- Polar Covalent Bonds
- Formal Charge
- Practice Time - Structure and Bonding 2
- Curved Arrow Notation
- Resonance
- Electrons behave like waves
- MO Theory Intro
- Structural Representations
- Progress Pulse
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Acids/Base and Reactions
- Reactions
- Reaction Arrows: What do they mean?
- Thermodynamics of Reactions
- Acids Intro
- Practice Time! Generating a conjugate base.
- Lewis Acids and Bases
- pKa Scale
- Practice Time! pKa's
- Predicting Acid-Base Reactions from pKa
- Structure and Acidity
- Structure and Acidity II
- Practice Time! Structure and Acidity
- Curved Arrows and Reactions
- Nucleophiles
- Electrophiles
- Practice Time! Identifying Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
- Mechanisms and Arrow Pushing
- Practice Time! Mechanisms and Reactions
- Energy Diagrams and Reactions
- Practice Time! - Energy Diagrams
- Progress Pulse
- Introduction to Retrosynthesis
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Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
- Introduction to Hydrocarbons and Alkanes
- Occurrence
- Functional Groups
- Practice Time! Functional Groups.
- Naming Alkanes
- Practice Time! Naming Alkanes
- Relative Stability of Acyclic Alkanes
- Physical Properties of Alkanes
- Ranking Boiling Point and Solubility of Compounds
- Conformations of Acyclic Alkanes
- Practice Time! Conformations of acyclic alkanes.
- Conformations of Cyclic Alkanes
- Naming Bicyclic Compounds
- Stability of Cycloalkane (Combustion Analysis)
- Degree of Unsaturation
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Stereochemistry
- Enalapril in ACE
- Constitutional and Stereoisomers
- Chirality or Handedness
- Drawing a Molecules Mirror Image
- Exploring Mirror Image Structures
- Enantiomers
- Drawing Enantiomers
- Practice Time! Drawing Enantiomers
- Identifying Chiral Centers
- Practice Time! Identifying Chiral Molecules
- CIP (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) Priorities
- Determining R/S Configuration
- Diastereomers
- Meso Compounds
- Fischer Projections
- Fischer Projections: Carbohydrates
- Measuring Chiral Purity
- Practice Time! - Determining Chiral Purity and ee
- Chirality and Drugs
- Chiral Synthesis
- Prochirality
- Converting Fischer Projections to Zig-zag Structures
- Practice Time! - Assigning R/S Configurations
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Alkenes and Addition Reactions
- The Structure of Alkenes
- Naming Alkenes
- Health Insight - BVO (Brominated Vegetable Oil)
- E/Z and CIP
- Stability of Alkenes
- H-X Addition to Alkenes: Hydrohalogenation
- Practice Time - Hydrohalogenation
- X2 Addition to Alkenes: Halogenation
- HOX addition: Halohydrins
- Practice Time - Halogenation
- Hydroboration/Oxidation of Alkenes: Hydration
- Practice Time - Hydroboration-Oxidation
- Oxymercuration-Reduction: Hydration
- Practice Time - Oxymercuration/Reduction
- Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Chemistry
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Capsaicin
- Alkynes
- Alcohols and Alkyl Halides
- Substitutions (SN1/SN2) and Eliminations (E1/E2)
- Dienes, Allylic and Benzylic systems
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General Chemistry Review
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3.
Second Semester Topics
- Arenes and Aromaticity
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Reactions of Arenes
- Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
- EAS-Halogenation
- EAS-Nitration
- Practice Time - Synthesis of Aniline
- EAS-Alkylation
- Practice Time - Friedel Crafts Alkylation
- EAS-Acylation
- Practice Time - Synthesis of Alkyl Arenes
- EAS-Sulfonation
- Practice Time - EAS
- Effect on Rate and Orientation
- Donation and Withdrawal of Electrons
- Regiochemistry in EAS
- Practice Time - Directing Group Effects
- Steric Considerations
- Synthesizing Poly-substituted Benzene's
- NAS - Addition/Elimination
- NAS - Elimination/Addition - Benzyne
- Alcohols and Phenols
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Ethers and Epoxides
- Intro and Occurrence
- Crown Ethers
- Preparation of Ethers
- Reactions of Ethers
- Practice Time - Ethers
- Preparation of Epoxides
- Reactions of Epoxides - Acidic Ring Opening
- Practice Time - Acidic Ring Opening
- Reactions of Epoxides - Nucleophilic Ring Opening
- Practice Time - Nucleophilic Ring opening
- Application - Epoxidation in Reboxetine Synthesis
- Application - Nucleophilic Epoxide Ring Opening in Crixivan Synthesis
- Naming Ethers and Epoxides
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Aldehydes and Ketones
- Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
- Practice Time - Naming Aldehydes/Ketones
- Nucleophilic addition
- Addition of Water - Gem Diols
- Practice Time - Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes
- Addition of Alcohols - Hemiacetals and Acetals
- Acetal Protecting Groups
- Hemiacetals in Carbohydrates
- Practice Time - Hemiacetals and Acetals
- Addition of Amines - Imines
- Addition of Amines - Enamines
- Practice Time - Imines and Enamines
- Application - Imatinab Enamine Synthesis
- Addition of CN - Cyanohydrins
- Practice Time - Cyanohydrins
- Application - Isentress Synthesis
- Addition of Ylides - Wittig Reaction
- Practice Time - Wittig Olefination
- Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
- Enols and Enolates
- Condensation Reactions
- 4. Spectroscopy - NMR, IR and UV
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5.
General Chemistry
- General Chemistry Lab
- Significant Figures
- Practice Time! Significant Figures
- Spreadsheets - Getting Started
- Spreadsheets - Charts and Trend lines
- Standard Deviation
- Standard Deviation Calculations
- Factor Labels
- Practice Time! - Factor Labels
- Limiting Reagent Problem
- Percent Composition
- Molar Mass Calculation
- Average Atomic Mass
- Empirical Formula
- Practice time! Empirical and Molecular Formulae
- Initial Rate Analysis
- Practice Time! Initial Rate Analysis
- Solving Equilibrium Problems with ICE
- Practice Time! Equilibrium ICE Tables
- Le Chatelier's
- Practice Time! Le Chatelier's Principle
- 6. Organic Chemistry Lab
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7.
Question Of The Day
- 8. Tools and Reference
- 9. Tutorials
Clear History
OpenOChem Learn
Second Semester Topics
Enols and Enolates
Reactions of Enolates
Direct Alkylation of Enolates
Direct Alkylation of Enolates
The direct alkylation of ketones is a two step process. In the first step and enolate is formed quantitatively using a powerful base (i.e. LDA or LHMDS). In the second step the enolate nucleophile undergoes an SN2 reaction with an alkyl halide. 