First Semester Topics

First Semester Topics introduces the essential principles and theories that underpin molecular structure and reactivity, designed for students pursuing in-depth study. The course begins with a comprehensive analysis of Structure and Bonding, exploring orbital hybridization, resonance, and molecular geometry. A detailed discussion of Acids and Bases follows, with an emphasis on reaction mechanisms and the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that influence chemical transformations. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes are examined through the lens of conformational analysis and ring strain. The course then delves into Stereochemistry, highlighting the critical impact of three-dimensional molecular arrangements on chemical and biochemciqal proerties.  In Alkenes and Addition Reactions, students learn sophisticated mechanisms and stereoselectivity, while Alkynes extend this understanding to more reactive triple bonds. Alcohols and Alkyl Halides are introduced as versatile functional groups, setting the stage for a rigorous exploration of Aliphatic Substitution Reactions (SN1/SN2) and the influence of electronic and steric factors. Finally, the course examines Dienes and Allylic/Benzylic Systems, with a focus on delocalization and resonance stabilization. Throughout, students engage with challenging practice problems and interactive activities through OpenOChem, connecting abstract concepts to real-world applications, including the synthesis of CRIXIVAN and Enalapril.

Let's get to know Crixivan and Enalapril.  CRIXIVAN (Indinavir Sulfate) is a protease inhibitor developed to treat HIV/AIDS, requiring high daily doses (around 3 grams per person) to maintain effectiveness due to HIV's ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Its synthesis was designed to be cost-effective, ensuring global accessibility, even in poorer regions.

Enalapril, an ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitor used for treatment of high blood pressure, kidney disease and heart failure.  ACE is an enzyme known as a metalloprotease.  The development and synthesis of Enalapril was the result of an iterative improvement of other drugs that suffered from various issues.  Throughout "First Semester Topics", we will examine how organic chemists solved these and other problems.